Love and Friendship in the Epic of Gilgamesh Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Aruru makes Enkidu, whose transformation from beast to human being shows parallels with Gilgamesh’s evolution as a humane human being too. To continue with the same point, Enkidu lives like an animal, but he awakens from his beastly stature after having sexual relations with Shamhat, and, as a parallel experience, Gilgamesh becomes more human when he is humbled after Enkidu almost defeats him. After making love with Shamhat, Enkidu changes within and so does Gilgamesh because they figure out that being human is seeing their own weaknesses by witnessing them in others and accepting them as part of their humanity. Enkidu becomes a human being as he realizes his need for fraternal relationships: â€Å"Becoming aware of himself, he sought a friend† (Gilgamesh 1.194-204). Enkidu realizes that without a friend, his life is incomplete. Having a friend like Gilgamesh completes the essence of his humanity because it entails love and support from a real friend. Friendship is e ssential to opening the eyes to one’s human limitations and capabilities. As a corresponding identity-changing experience, Gilgamesh also transforms from being a beast to being human being because of his battle with Enkidu. We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Friendship in the Epic of Gilgamesh or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Enkidu literally and figuratively saves him. Literally, Enkidu fights with Gilgamesh in his battles, and symbolically, he prevents Gilgamesh from being a brutish leader by inspiring him to change. Moreover, the meteorite reflects baptism through fire. Gilgamesh’s battle with Enkidu proves that Gilgamesh might be the mightiest, but he is still a mortal being who needs friends to feel happiness and fulfillment. At the same time, embracing Enkidu as a wife is similar to saying that their bonds are eternal. Gilgamesh becomes a better human being because he realizes that he has been inhumane and it is time to change into a true human being who cares for the welfare of others. Besides changing through seeing the self in others, friendship turns Gilgamesh into a more compassionate and just leader. Sasson explores the relationship between literary motifs in the Epic of Gilgamesh and its author’s historical conditions.

Labor-Management Bargaining Free Essays

The process of labor-management bargaining has evolved since its beginning in the early years of labor negotiations. Since the parties involved in collective bargaining are negotiating a formal contract that both are to be bound by, there are many stresses and tensions that permeate the process. Most early negotiations were filled with drama and emotionalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor-Management Bargaining or any similar topic only for you Order Now The struggle has continued today to move toward a more rational process, whereby negotiations are conducted and settled on the facts and more concrete, quantitative arguments. In pursuit of this goal, there are strategies and tactics that can be utilized by both management and unionized labor in order to facilitate a more reasonable contract negotiation. The most beneficial tactics-setting reasonable goals, and researching facts-are employed before the negotiations even begin. First of all, in order to bargain better, it is important to understand just what collective bargaining is. James P. Begin and Edwin F. Beal define collective bargaining as part of an Industrial Relations System. The system of relations consists of: (1) the people who head the organizations that provide goods and services to society, (2) the people who do the work, and (3) the governmental organizations that maintain the society. â€Å"Under capitalism, workers are relatively free to sell their own labor and withhold it at will (Begin, James P., Beal, Edwin F., 3).† This forms a free-will contract in which the employer and employee must decide the terms of employment (Begin, Beal, 3). This provides the basis for the industrial relations system. Before judicial regulations were enacted as a framework for negotiations, the worker and the employer could enter into a verbal contract that would suffice. However, as workers organized themselves into formal labor organizations and elected members to represent them, more formal contracts were needed. The movement of collective bargaining toward a matter of national policy began in 1935 with the enactment of the Wagner Act. This act pronounced two basic principles: (1) employees were to be permitted to form and maintain labor unions of their own choosing without being subjected to coercion, intimidation, or discrimination by employers; and (2) employers were to be required by law to bargain collectively with labor unions designated by their employees on wages, rates of pay, hours, and other conditions of employment. The Wagner Act and others, like the Taft-Hartley Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act, have provided a framework of law within which the collective bargaining process must operate. The legal regulations extend to both the procedural aspects (the manner in which collective bargaining is to be conducted) and to the substantive aspects (the types of subject concerning which collective bargaining is obligatory and which may or may not lawfully be incorporated into collective bargaining agreements). However, the substantive aspect remains relatively unrestricted by law (Torff, Selwyn H., 4-14). It is the substantive aspect that leaves collective bargaining negotiations subject to emotionalism, and illogical and irrational behavior. John Dunlop and James Healy have described four ways in which negotiations can be depicted. The first is a poker game, â€Å"with the larger pots going to those who combine deception, bluff, and luck, or the ability to come up with a strong hand.† The second is an â€Å"exercise in power politics, with the relative strengths of the parties being decisive.† The third, â€Å"a debating society, marked by both rhetoric and name calling.† Fourth and finally they noted a better way-if followed-that a negotiation can be depicted. This is a â€Å"‘rational process,’ with both sides remaining completely flexible and willing to be persuaded only when all the facts have been dispassionately presented (Sloane, Arthur A.; Witney, Fred; 203).† Sloane and Witney have stated, â€Å"all of these characteristics have marked most negotiations over a period of time. The increasing maturity of collective bargaining implies enlargement of the rational process†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This rational process involves the employee, employer, and union settling on the basis of facts rather than name-calling, table pounding, and emotionalism (Sloane, Witney, 203-204). Therefore, in order for collective bargaining to become more rational, certain techniques must be employed. Edward Peters has written a guide to better negotiating titled Strategy and Tactics in Labor Negotiations. In this book he provides good strategies for obtaining a more rational negotiation. The first important step toward better bargaining is to realize the essential nature and purpose of negotiations. In a bargaining conflict, there are three main activities in which each party is involved: (1) attempt to influence each other, the employees, and public opinion by advocating the merits of their respective positions; (2) indicate strength to each other; and (3) explore the possibilities, in terms of each other’s maximum and minimum expectancies, of a settlement without an economic contest, or, at worst, a contest of minimum duration (Peters, Edward, 41). Peters states that sophisticated bargainers often underestimate the importance of good preparation and presentation of their position because they feel that these are just â€Å"window dressing for the harsh realities of economic strength (Peters, 42).† It is true that economic strength is important, but a position reinforced by logic and reason can often exert a crucial influence (Peters, 42). Another step toward better negotiations is preparation and the setting of realistic goals. Peters states that â€Å"the practicality or impracticality of a collective bargaining goal is a matter of foresight, not something to be determined by hindsight (Peters, 60).† An example of this that pertains to management is that sometimes there are items that a union cannot and will not concede. If management does not prepare enough and makes the assumption that the union can and will negotiate on any proposal submitted by management, they risk the possibility of strikes. There are issues over which â€Å"a union will prefer to lose a plant in an economic contest rather than jeopardize itself with a larger group (Peters, 60).† The setting of more realistic goals by management could avoid this detrimental result. In order to set realistic goals, a criteria for realistic goals must be established. Most negotiators, according to Peters, would agree that a realistic goal, to be attained without an economic contest, must be based on the following minimum considerations: (1) has the other party the ability to concede the issue? The employer must be able to concede the issue without serious damage to operations. The union must be able to concede the issue without serious internal injury, or any danger of disintegrating as an organization, or losing out to a rival union; also without seriously impairing its external relationships in the labor movement, or with other employers; (2) are you warranted, by your strength, in setting such a goal? (3) Is your goal within the bargaining expectancy of the other party? This last point may be disregarded only if you are ready to wage an economic contest for your minimum goal (Peters, 61-62). These criteria should be fully examined before setting any goal or pressing any issue in a labor negotiation. Priorities must be established and ranked in order of impact and importance (Richardson, Reed C., 128). Even though setting realistic goals help in negotiations, a course of action must be pursued in order to obtain those goals. Prestige plays an essential role in negotiations. Prestige is an intangible quality in the sense that it is a symbol-a symbol of the potential and actual strengths of the parties in all of their relationships. Prestige reflects itself in the relationship of the parties to each other and especially to the workers in the plant. A union’s basic strength lies in the support of its own membership (Peters, 85-86). Other factors that affect during negotiations are sign language, fringe issues, and negotiable factors. However, the most important tactics take place before the actual negotiations. â€Å"Negotiators who approach the bargaining table without sufficient factual ammunition to handle the growing complexities of labor relations†¦operate at a distinct disadvantage (Sloane, Witney, 213).† Most larger unions and almost all major corporations today have their own research departments to gather data and conduct surveys. Only if both parties research and establish a framework for negotiations can they successfully obtain results within their range of acceptability. With this in mind, collective bargaining can mature to its desired rationality in the management-labor relationship. How to cite Labor-Management Bargaining, Essay examples

Media Violence etc. Essay Example For Students

Media Violence etc. Essay Does the entertainment media reflect the standards of the American people, or does the entertainment media define the standards of the American people? This question is difficult to answer because of the complex interaction between American culture and the entertainment industry. To some extent, the entertainment media does gets feedback on what viewers want to see in the form of Nielson ratings and box office returns. But the simple fact remains that the content produced and delivered by way of television, the film industry, and the major music labels are controlled by a relatively small group of individuals. Entertainment media does not reflect standards of American people. Instead, it defines what the people want. The mass media is controlled by a selected group of people who decide what shows get aired, and what the content of those shows should be. The television ratings system and box office returns provide some feedback, but the only real concern is over what is the most profitable. One major concern with the content of media is the effect it has on very young children. Disney movies have taken quite a beating over the years because of stereotypes they force into childrens minds. Stereotypes in ;The Little Mermaid; are a good example of this. Ariel, the star/role model in the movie, plays the part of a helpless, blundering female. As soon as she was left on her own, she immediately got herself into trouble. There was always a male needing to protect her. Another example of stereotypes is in the movie ;Dumbo;, where the crows that gave Dumbo the magic feather were portrayed as very stereotypical images of African Americans. They were shown as jolly, easy-going, and vulgar. Disneys animated films influence children in their formative years of life. Do we want our children growing up with these corrupt images in their heads? Of course not! But there is not much that can be done about changing the content. If a young girl wishes to grow up to ! be just like Ariel, then what should you tell her? Maybe it is a perfect opportunity for her parents to sit her down and teach her about the differences between fairy tales and reality. Television sitcoms and prime time TV series commonly depict a family with a mom, dad (or even step mom or dad), several children, and a pet or two, all in a fairly stable relationship with one another. Never does abuse, neglect, or other common family problems actually occur in the main family of a sitcom. Again it should be taught to the children at an early age (perhaps in elementary school?) that TV fiction is not an equivalent to reality by any means, and that if their life does not measure up, it is normal, and nothing to be embarrassed about. Then there is product placement in television and movies. In some ways, seeing actual products that people recognize from daily life makes the television and movie sets appear more realistic. So in that way, entertainment media may be reflecting the American people. But, a lot of the brand name products used on movie and television sets are there because a corporate sponsor paid to have their product included the media content. This has become fairly common, and is a smart means of advertising. What is shown on TV and movies looks real to people, so if their product is included in a popular sitcom or movie, the company will most likely find quite an increase in market sales. So, in turn, the entertainment media does in fact define what the public wants as a whole. If a person or group of people disagree with what they see on television, then they have every right to just flip the channel or educate themselves or their children to base their opinions more on individual thought. Explain How The Inherent Strength Of Prussia, Comb Essay .

Adventures In E-Commerce Essays - E-commerce, Business, Economy

Adventures In E-Commerce Adventures in E-Commerce Unless youve been living under a rock for the last two years, you have heard about e-commerce, and I bet youve heard about it from several different angles. Im sure youve heard about all the companies that offer e-commerce because youve been bombarded by their TV and radio ads. Youve read all of the news stories about the shift to e-commerce and the hype that has developed around e-commerce companies. You may have even purchased something off the web, so you have direct personal experience with e-commerce. In 1996 while surfing the web, I stumbled on an online auction site. While I found it interesting and mysterious, I didnt have any light bulbs or bells go off in my head. I didnt experience any sudden or miraculous visions, I just thought it was kind of neat site, and in fact I told a few of my friends about what I had seen. One of my friends who was just getting his own Civil War artifacts business off the ground asked me if I had seen any Civil War period items up for auction on that site. I told him that I had and he inquired if I thought he might be able to auction off certain items that he had for sale. To make a long story short, we Valdivia 2 tried it and couldnt believe the results and the success. The site that I had stumbled onto was called Ebay and today along with a multitude of other online companies like Amazon.com its one of the most talked about, highly successful e-commerce success stories around. And little did I know that when I started buying and selling items online through this auction site, I was actually taking part of a new revolution in commerce, I was actively participating in what millions of internet users are doing everyday, I was participating in the now popular term; Electronic Commerce. Electronic commerce involves a wide range of activities. In its simplest form, the goal of electronic commerce is to improve the way in which business is conducted, through technology. This could be as simple as establishing a computer-mediated relationship between consumer and business, between business and supplier, or between supplier and manufacturer. It could involve automation of existing business systems, such as transaction or manufacturing processes. On the web, electronic commerce often means marketing, and online sales. Typically there are three types of e-commerce transactions: business to business, business to consumer and consumer to consumer. It took radio 34 years to reach 50 million listeners. It took TV 13 years to reach 50 million viewers, but it only took the internet 4 years to reach 50 million users. (qtd. on E-Marketer.Com) 200 million people use the worldwide web today; 500 million will use it in less than 3 years. (qtd. In Future Magazine) Valdivia 3 Consumers are shifting their buying power in favor of the internet. Online shopping was up 330% in 1998. (qtd. In USA Today) As much as the Ice age changed the face of the earth, e-commerce is doing the same for business today. In todays business world were seeing new departments and new positions being created where ten years ago, there was no need for an Internet Technology dept. or a Chief Information Officer. Today, theyre an integral part of every successful business. Even gigantic organizations see the internet as a threat. It took Wal-Mart 12 years and 78 land stores to break $150 million in sales. AMAZON.COM did it in three years with a web site and a warehouse. (qtd. Business 2.0) In 1996 I entered the online banking world, as my nearest bank branch was on the opposite coast some 3600 miles away from me. It was intriguing and risky; people thought I was foolish trusting that my bills would be paid via computer. In 1997 I wanted a new car. After test driving the make and model I wanted but not finding the exact car I wanted, I turned to the internet rather than to drive around town checking out all the Chevrolet dealerships in the Hampton Roads area. I found what I was looking for at the Chevy.com web site. It was so simple, I chose the

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Example

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Example Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay I have taken for my survey one chapter from the book Marx and human nature by Norman Geras. In the 2nd chapter Norman Geras trades with the human nature and historical philistinism. Although many Marxists denied Marx’s theory of human nature that there was a human nature to be found in Marx’s words. there is in fact a Marxist construct of human nature which remains. to some grade. changeless throughout history and across societal boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the rudimentss for this reading of Marx harmonizing to which there was no ageless human nature to be found in his plants. Feuerbach resolves the kernel of faith into the kernel of adult male human nature. But the kernel of adult male is no abstraction inherent in each individual person. In world. it is the ensemble of the societal dealingss. Feuerbach. who does non come in upon a unfavorable judgment of this existent kernel. is therefore obliged: Human nature Thus. Marx appears to state that human nature is no more than what is made by the societal dealingss. Norman Geras’ Marx’s Theory of Human Nature. nevertheless. offers an highly elaborate statement against this place. In lineation. Geras shows that. while the societal dealingss are held to find the nature of people. they are non the lone such determiner. In fact. Marx makes statements where he specifically refers to a human nature which is more than what is conditioned by the fortunes of one’s life. In Capital. in a footer reviewing utilitarianism. he says that utilitarian’s must think with human nature in general. and so with human nature as modified in each historical era. Marx is reasoning against an abstract construct of human nature. offering alternatively an history rooted in sensuous life. While he is rather expressed that persons express their life. so they are. Hence what persons are depends on the material conditions of their production. he besides believes that human nature will condition ( against the background of the productive forces and dealingss of production ) the manner in which persons express their life. History involves a uninterrupted transmutation of human nature. though this does non intend that every facet of human nature is entirely variable ; what is transformed need non be entirely transformed. Marx did knock the inclination to transform into ageless Torahs of nature and of ground. the societal signifiers jumping from your present manner of production and signifier of belongings. a procedure sometimes called hypostatization. For this ground. he would probably hold wanted to knock certain facets of some histories of human nature. Human existences jointly work on nature but do non make the same work ; there is a division of labour in which people non merely do different occupations. but harmonizing to Marxist theory. some people live from the work of others by having the agency of production. How this is complete depends on the type of society. Production is carried out through really definite dealingss between people. And. in bend. these production dealingss are determined by the degree and character of the productive forces that are present at any given clip in history. For Marx. productive forces refer to the agencies of production such as the tools. instruments. engineering. land. natural stuffs. and human cognition and abilities in footings of utilizing these agencies of production. Human nature. Marx’s ethical idea and disaffection Gears says of Marx’s work that: Whatever else it is. theory and socio-historical account. and scientific as it may be. that work is a moral indictment resting on the construct of indispensable human demands. an ethical point of view. in other words. in which a position of human nature is involved. Alienation. for Marx. is the alienation of worlds from facets of their human nature. Since – as we have seen – human nature consists in a peculiar set of critical thrusts and inclinations. whose exercising constitutes booming ; disaffection is a status wherein these thrusts and inclinations are stunted. For indispensable powers. disaffection substitutes disempowerment for doing one’s ain life one’s object. one’s life going an object of capital. Marx believes that disaffection will be a characteristic of all society before communism. The antonym of. disaffection is actualization or self-activity- the activity of the ego. controlled by and for the ego. Human nature and the enlargement of the productive forces It has been held by several authors that it is Marx’s construct of human nature which explains the primacy thesis’ refering the enlargement of the productive forces. which harmonizing to Marx. is itself the cardinal drive force of history. If true. this would do his history of human nature possibly the most cardinal facet of his work. Geras writes. historical philistinism itself. this whole typical attack to society that originates with Marx. rests forthrightly upon the thought of a human nature. It highlights that specific link of cosmopolitan demands and capacities which explains the human productive procedure and man’s organized transmutation of the stuff environment ; which procedure and transmutation it treats in bend as the footing both of the societal order and of historical alteration. The tendency’s liberty is merely its independency of societal construction. its rootedness in cardinal stuff facts of human nature and the human state of affairs. Historical advancement consists basically in the growing of people’s abilities to determine and command the universe about them. This is the most basic manner in which they develop and express their human kernel. Historical philistinism Historical philistinism started from a cardinal implicit in world of human being: that in order for human existences to last and go on being from coevals to coevals. it is necessary for them to bring forth and reproduce the stuff demands of life. Marx so extended this premiss by asseverating the importance of the fact that. in order to transport out production and exchange. people have to come in into really definite societal dealingss. most basically production dealingss. Norman Geras analyzed historical philistinism and postulated that society has moved through a figure of types or manners of production. That is. the character of the production dealingss is determined by the character of the productive forces ; these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human being. or the more developed machinery and engineering of present age. The chief manners of production Marx identified by and large include crude communism or tribal society ( a prehistoric phase ) . ancient society. feudal system. and capitalist economy. In each of these societal phases. people interact with nature and bring forth their life in different ways. Any excess from that production is allotted in different ways. Ancient society was based on a governing category of slave proprietors and a category of slaves ; feudal system was based on landholders and helot ; and capitalist economy based on the capitalist category and the on the job category. The capitalist category in private owns the agency of production. distribution and exchange ( e. g. . mills. mines. stores and Bankss ) while the on the job category unrecorded by interchanging their socialized labour with the apitalist category for rewards. Marx identified the production dealingss of society ( originating on the footing of given productive forces ) as the economic base of society. He besides explained that on the foundation of the economic base their arise certain political establishments. Torahs. imposts. civilization. etc. . and thoughts. ways of thought. morality. etc. These constituted the political/ideological superstructure of society. This superstructure non merely has its beginning in the economic base. but its characteristics besides finally correspond to the character and development of that economic base. i. . the manner people organize society is determined by the economic base and the dealingss that arise from its manner of production. Historical philistinism can be seen to rest on the undermentioned rules: 1. The footing of human society is how humans work on nature to bring forth the agencies of subsistence. 2. There is a division of labour into societal categories ( dealingss of production ) based on belongings ownership where some people live from the labour of others. 3. The system of category division is dependent on the manner of production. 4. The manner of production is based on the degree of the productive forces. 5. Society moves from phase to present when the dominant category is replaced by a new emerging category. by subverting the political shell that enforces the old dealingss of production no longer matching to the new productive forces. This takes topographic point in the superstructure of society. the political sphere in the signifier of revolution. whereby the lower class liberates the productive forces with new dealingss of production. and societal dealingss. matching to it. Human nature and historical philistinism Marx’s theory of history efforts to depict the manner in which worlds change their environments and ( in dialectical relation ) their environments alter them every bit good. That is Not merely do the nonsubjective conditions change in the act of reproduction. e. g. the small town becomes a town. the wilderness a cleared field etc. but the manufacturers change. excessively. in that they bring out new qualities in themselves. develop themselves in production. transform themselves. develop new powers and thoughts. new demands and new linguistic communication. The first premiss of all human history is. of class. the being of life human persons. Thus the first fact to be established is the physical organisation of these persons and their attendant relation to the remainder of nature. Therefore History does nil. it possesses no huge wealth. and it wages no conflicts. It is adult male. existent. populating adult male who does all that. who possesses and battles ; history is non. as it were. a individual apart. utilizing adult male as a agency to accomplish its ain purposes ; history is nil but the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes. So we can see that. even before we begin to see the precise character of human nature. existent. life worlds. and the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes is the really building block of Marx’s theory of history. Humans act upon the universe. altering it and themselves ; and in making so they make history. But even beyond this. human nature plays two cardinal functions. In the first topographic point. it is portion of the account for the growing of the productive forces. which Marx conceives of as the driving force of history. Second. the peculiar demands and thrusts of worlds explain the category hostility which is generated under capitalist economy. Decision and critical comments Here I would wish to state that Marxist philosophical anthropology is one sided. Its construct of human nature and human good overlooks the demand for ego individuality than which nil is more basically human. The effect of this is held to be that Marx and his followings have underestimated the importance of phenomena. such as faith and patriotism. which satisfy the demand for self individuality. In the survey of human nature and historical philistinism. history is what is made by human existences and its nature. Harmonizing to Marx human existences are working and altering the universe. Marx ignored all other factors that at work in the development of history. History has been developed non merely by human existences but besides through assorted elements. Historical philistinism is caused by the production of things and at that place by originating societal relationships. Here it implies that economic system is the basic construction of society that controls and develops. But it is a reductionist attack. it is impossible to cut down the basic construction as economic dealingss entirely.

Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Parenting - Essay Example This is by instilling essential values and beliefs whose core purpose is to ensure that they live harmoniously with others. Undeniably, the existence of a healthy communication in a family setting prompts its members to create enmeshed relationship, hence maintain the required cohesion (Hepworth 255). Therefore, they end up depending on each other whereby they are capable of finding solutions meant to confront certain life’s predicaments, which are difficult when, tackled singlehandedly (Hepworth 255). Communication in the family system also develops a sense of belonging among its members. This is due to the closeness characterizing diverse members’ interactions and attention they normally enjoy (Hepworth 255). Mainly, this is in the form of both material and emotional assistance. Therefore, this equips them with the necessary skills meant to fit in the larger society and contribute as necessitated, for instance, the children. Additionally, communication helps to strengthen family bonds whereby individual members through their actions and talking where they constantly assure each other unco nditional support (Denise & Theiss 298). Since, they always act as a team especially when trying to resolve a predicament affecting one member whereby he or she could not have managed to solve it singlehandedly (Denise & Theiss 298-299). Therefore, communication is an essential tool meant to improve and strengthen coexistence in a family system (Hepworth 255). Behavioral science information has significantly enabled parents provide effective parenting to their children. Since, its core purpose entails equipping them and older children with adequate knowledge meant to interpret diverse behaviors characterizing their immediate members. This is especially by scrutinizing their behaviors and ascertaining what they could be experiencing (Beaver & Kristy 114). Since, some members owing to their physical conditions or other incapacities might not be in a position to

The Impact of 2008 Financial Crisis on UK's Cross Border Mergers Dissertation

The Impact of 2008 Financial Crisis on UK's Cross Border Mergers - Dissertation Example II.2 Cross Border Mergers as a Mode of Entry in a Foreign Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 II.3 Cross Border Merger as a Value Creating Strategy .. 17 II.4 Impact of Financial Crisis in the Field of Investment Through Cross Border Mergers in UK †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 III. Research Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.. 24 IV. Research Findings and Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 V. Conclusion and Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 39 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 42 – 46 Chapter I – Introd uction A merger is a business process by means of which, two or additional number of companies can pool their business assets and form a single organization. In general, the stocks of the parent companies’ are given up. Instead, the stock of a new company is issued. For instance, when the Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged, both the companies stopped to exist and in their place Daimler-Chrysler was formed. Cross border mergers are those mergers wherein the involved companies are set up in different countries. Over the years, this type of merger comprises of a growing percentage of all the mergers. In general, cross border mergers can happen through either inward cross border mergers or outward cross border mergers. In an inward cross border merger, the entire or parts of domestic companies are put up for sale to overseas investors. This often results to inward movement of capital. In the case of an outward cross border merger, domestic companies tend to purchase the entire or s egments of foreign companies. This often results to an outward flow of capital (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Economic Analysis and... The findings of this research will provide insight of a merger as a business process by means of which, two or additional number of companies can pool their business assets and form a single organization. In general, the stocks of the parent companies’ are given up. Instead, the stock of a new company is issued. For instance, when the Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged, both the companies stopped to exist and in their place Daimler-Chrysler was formed. Cross border mergers are those mergers wherein the involved companies are set up in different countries. Over the years, this type of merger comprises of a growing percentage of all the mergers. In general, cross border mergers can happen through either inward cross border mergers or outward cross border mergers. In an inward cross border merger, the entire or parts of domestic companies are put up for sale to overseas investors. This often results to inward movement of capital. In the case of an outward cross border merger, domes tic companies tend to purchase the entire or segments of foreign companies. Cross-border mergers are a very significant occurrence in the global economy. In fact, cross-border mergers encompass more than 50% of all the foreign direct investment that is taking place around the world (Gugler et al. 2003). In most cases, companies enter into a cross border merger activities for the following reasons: (1) to intensify the company’s position in the global markets; (2) expand the business; (3) get hold of other company’s complementary resources; and (5) to improve the company’s efficiency in the global markets.